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Alloy steel is produced by combining carbon steel with additional metal and non-metal components. Depending on the alloying components, the environmental, chemical, and physical characteristics of these alloy steels may change. In this instance, the proportion of alloying components can result in a variety of mechanical properties.

Types of Alloy Steel

There are multiple subcategories of alloy steel. These include:

  • High-strength low alloy (HSLA) steel
  • High-alloy steel
  • Stainless steel
  • Microalloyed steel
  • Advanced high-strength steel (AHSS)
  • Maraging steel
  • Tool steel

Alloying elements 

To create different grades of alloy steel, carbon steel can be alloyed with one of about 20 alloying elements. These offer a variety of properties. The following are some of the elements employed and their results:

  • Aluminium – can rid steel of phosphorous, sulfur, and oxygen
  • Chromium – can increase toughness, hardness, and wear resistance
  • Copper – can increase corrosion resistance and hardness
  •  Manganese – can increase high-temperature strength, wear resistance, ductility, and hardenability
  • Nickel – can increase corrosion, oxidation resistance, and strength
  • Silicon – can increase magnetism and strength
  • Tungsten – can increase strength and hardness
  • Vanadium – can increase corrosion, shock resistance, strength, and toughness

Properties of Alloy Steel

Alloy steels can contain a variety of elements, each of which can enhance the material’s resistance to corrosion, heat, and mechanical stress. Smaller additions of less than 5 wt.% tend to increase mechanical properties, such as hardenability and strength.

The following table provides a summary of the effects of adding various elements to steel, as well as their typical weight fractions.

Element

Symbol

wt. %

Function

Aluminium

Al

0.95–1.30

Alloying element in nitriding steels

Bismuth

Bi

Improves machinability

Boron

B

0.001–0.003

Improves hardenability

Chromium

Cr

0.5–2.0

Improves hardenability

4–18

Corrosion resistance

Copper

Cu

0.1–0.4

Corrosion resistance

Lead

Pb

Improves machinability

Manganese

Mn

0.25–0.40

Prevents brittleness in combination with sulfur

>1

Increases hardenability

Molybdenum

Mo

0.2–0.5

Inhibits grain growth

Nickel

Ni

2–5

12–20

Increases toughness

Improves corrosion resistance

Silicon

Si

0.2–0.7

Increases strength and hardenability

2

Increases yield strength (spring steel)

Higher %

Increases magnetic properties

Sulfur

S

0.08–0.15

Improves machinability (free-machining steel properties)

Titanium

Ti

Reduces martensitic hardness in Cr steels

Tungsten

W

Increases hardness at high temperatures

Vanadium

V

0.15

Increases strength while maintaining ductility, promotes fine grain structure

Alloy Steel Products and Their Applications

A wide range of products can be made utilizing alloy steels with various compositions. Alloy steel fasteners, alloy steel flanges, alloy steel plates, sheets, coils, alloy steel bars, rods, and wires, as well as alloy steel forged fittings and alloy steel buttweld fittings, are some examples of this. Alloy steel is used in a variety of industries, including automobiles, mining, machinery, railroads, road construction, buildings, appliances, and off-shore applications.

Applications in building large structures

In the building and construction industry, alloy steels are used to construct the steel framework of very large modern structures like stadiums, skyscrapers, bridges, airports, and bridges. Steel alloys have the required high strength to support such enormous structures. To increase strength and reduce overall structural weight, alloy steels are used as reinforcement in concrete structures. Smaller items made of alloy steels are used in the building and construction industry, such as screws, nails, and bolts.

Applications in Building Bridges

In the building of bridges, weathering steels, particularly alloy steel, are utilized. These provide greater corrosion protection due to the alloying elements of nickel, copper, and chromium. Structures typically use weathering steels as decorative face material. Only a few benefits of weathering steel include high safety, ease and speed of building, aesthetically pleasing look, shallow depth of construction, low maintenance, and flexibility to future changes. 

Alloy Steel Flat Products

Alloy steels are used to manufacture flat items like plates and strips. Plates come in a wide range of sizes and quality levels. During the construction of a building, these are welded into prefabricated parts made of plates.

Alloy Steel Strip and Coil Products

Strips come in both cold-rolled and hot-dipped galvanized varieties. Hot-dipped galvanized coils are used to create construction products like wall and roof cladding, side rails, roof purlins, light steel frames, and lintels.

Alloy Steel Long Products

Long products used in the construction industry, such as girders, structural sections, bars, rails, rods, and wires, are produced using alloy steels.

Alloy Steel Flanges

Another important alloy steel product is flanges. These are used in stainless steel pipes. These flanges can be modified to accommodate a variety of applications. Some of them have weld neck flanges, which have the same thickness and bevel as the pipe and are effective in conditions of high pressure, high temperature, or subzero temperatures. Lap joint flanges are slip-on flanges for alloy steel pipes that require regular maintenance and inspection.

Alloy Steel Pipe Products

Alloy steel pipes are essential building and construction materials because of their performance characteristics, including ductility, ease of fastening without heat treatment, and high durability. They are stainless steel, nickel, and chromium alloy. A few distinctive types of alloy steel pipes include large-diameter welded pipes, electric fusion welded pipes, welded pipes, and seamless pipes. They are excellent for high-temperature or corrosive environments in addition to high-pressure applications.

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